Regarding the suckling pig teaching materials, these can't be ignored! (one)

According to the research, production and application status of China's current commercial pigs, from the perspective of the cost performance of feed, lactating sow and suckling pigs are not easy to pass, and the two materials that are the most difficult to do.

China is accustomed to refer to pigs weighing less than 15kg as suckling pigs. The feed used in this stage is called suckling pig. With the improvement of pig raising level, the accelerated development of the feed industry and the rapid development of large-scale pig farms, the pigs in the developed areas of pigs have been subdivided into two stages, namely high-grade suckling pigs (also known as the teachings). Material) and general suckling pig material. It is generally believed that the feed material refers to the feed used during the feeding period from 5 days after the birth of the pig to the 10 days after the weaning; the general suckling pig feed refers to the feed used when the piglet is weaned for 10 days to 15 kg.

At present, there are some practical problems in the use of suckling pigs:

(1) Within one week after using the teaching material and turning into the general suckling pig material, the piglets will have a decrease in feed intake, growth stagnation, and increased diarrhea. We must deal with the problem of the connection between the general suckling pig material and the high-grade suckling pig material. Do not pull the grades of general suckling pigs and high-grade suckling pigs too much.

(2) There are many high-grade suckling pigs to solve the problems of diarrhea, weak babies and feed intake, but the growth rate is not ideal, the feed compensation is not ideal, so the cost of weight gain is high;

(3) Because many teaching materials use high-dose pharmaceutical additives to control diarrhea, so that the piglets do not need to teach the trough, switch to the general suckling pig material or even use the piglet material, the long speed is relatively slow, so that the teaching material The advantages are gone! It is also important to pay attention here.

At present, the standard of good and clear teaching materials should be:

(1) Under normal feeding conditions, normal lean meat type piglets are weaned for 21 days) 3 days after weaning, feed intake and growth rate should be restored to pre-weaning levels;

(2) From the day of weaning, the rate of nutritional diarrhea is less than 21% within 10 days, the feed conversion rate is about 1.2, the daily average weight gain is about 280g, and the feed intake is about 330g;

(3) Based on the current raw material cost, the feed cost is not higher than 5,500 yuan / ton. The standard of good and pass-through general suckling pig products should be: after feeding the trough, the feed intake will continue to increase, the growth rate will continue to increase, and the diarrhea rate will not increase; the body weight will reach 15kg by 42 days, and the feed remuneration will be around 1.5. According to the current raw material cost, the feed cost is not higher than 4,500 yuan / ton. Let's talk about our views on the nutritional characteristics, preparation characteristics, raw material selection, quality control and processing points of suckling pigs.

1 Suckling Nutrition Needs Characteristics

The birth weight of piglets is about 1.4kg (different varieties, slightly different). It grows fast after birth and is the period of maximum growth intensity. The feed reward is high. If the growth and development are blocked at this stage, it is easy to form a stiff pig. Due to the rapid growth and development, more nutrients are needed, especially protein, calcium, phosphorus and iron metabolism, which are much higher than adult pigs. Sensitive to nutritionally inadequate feed. Studies have shown that the growth of the first week after weaning will have an important impact on the growth performance of its lifetime. Therefore, in addition to strengthening feeding management in the first week after weaning, an important factor is to improve the quality of weaned piglets. Let's briefly talk about the nutritional needs of suckling pigs.

1.1 Energy needs

The ultimate goal of suckling pigs is to obtain maximum weaning weight and improve group uniformity. The results showed that piglets with larger weaning weights smoothly transitioned to weaned diets and reduced the incidence of nutritional diarrhea; piglets that grew faster during lactation grew faster during the growth and finishing period, Pollmann pointed out that after weaning Piglets with a weight gain of about 900g in 1 week were 15 days ahead of piglets without weight gain; Tokach et al. (1992) also showed that piglets that gained more than 225 g/d in the first week after weaning at 21 days of age were able to reach 109 kg of body weight in advance. day.

Protein deposition in suckling piglets is positively correlated with energy intake, so to get the maximum protein deposition rate, you need to provide maximum energy intake for suckling piglets. Considering the need to meet the nutritional needs of weak piglets as much as possible, the energy design of suckling pigs should not be too high to increase the feed intake of weak piglets.

Protein and fat deposits increase rapidly after piglets are born. During the weaning period from birth to 21 days, the protein and fat content of piglets increased linearly, with an average growth rate of 25-38 g/d and 25-35 g/d, respectively. During the transition from lactation to weaning, protein growth slows due to the effects of weaning stress, while fat growth is usually negative. During this period, the rate of protein deposition was related to both feed intake and the amount of protein available in the feed. Under good heat preservation conditions, the mobilization rate of body fat is closely related to feed intake and the amount of available protein in the diet.

According to the relevant data in the United States, the maintenance metabolic energy of suckling piglets needs to be 470kJ/kgÂ·BW0.75Â·d, and the maintenance metabolic energy of the first week after weaning (4 weeks old) is 453kJ/kgÂ·BW0.75Â·d. The second week was 423 kJ/kgÂ·BW 0.75Â·d. The maintenance of metabolic energy in piglets is also related to the ambient temperature. When the ambient temperature is below 1 Â°C, the metabolic energy needs to be increased by 2% to 5%.

Newborn piglets already contain higher amounts of pancreatic lipase, but less bile secretion before 3 weeks of age, can not activate pancreatic lipase and emulsified feed fat, when piglets have limited ability to digest fat until the stomach of 16-day-old piglets only It can digest 25% to 50% of feed fat. The fat in the breast milk is present in an emulsified state, so its fat utilization rate is high. It is reported that the apparent digestibility of the fat in the breast milk of the piglets is about 95%. After 3 weeks of age, as the secretion of bile gradually increased, the digestion and absorption of feed fat gradually strengthened. In weaned piglets, the efficiency of uptake of metabolic energy for growth, protein energy deposition, and fat energy deposition was 0.72, 0.66, and 0.77, respectively, which was close to the corresponding values â€‹â€‹for growing pigs.

1.2 Proteins and Amino Acids Need

Piglets grow rapidly, have rapid physiological changes, and have high nutritional requirements for protein and amino acids. However, the digestive system of piglets is not well developed. For example, the trypsin content of piglets is maintained at a relatively low level before 5 weeks of age and does not start to increase until 6 weeks of age. Therefore, before 5 weeks of age, piglets are fed protein, especially vegetable protein. Limited digestion and absorption capacity. After weaning, the nutrient source shifts from breast milk to solid feed. High protein levels in the diet often lead to diarrhea and growth inhibition in piglets. Therefore, it is particularly important to determine the appropriate protein level in the diet of piglets. According to comprehensive research, 19%~21% of the crude protein level can meet the needs of 4-20kg piglets. It is recommended to use 21% in the 4-10kg phase and 19% in the 10-20kg phase.

Piglet amino acid needs are one of the focuses of research at home and abroad. The amino acids of growing pigs need to be divided into maintenance needs and protein deposition needs, maintaining the ideal amino acid ratio of protein deposition. Since the proportion of amino acids required for maintenance of piglets is different from that of growing pigs, the amino acid composition of body tissue proteins is different at different stages, and the specific needs of certain amino acids, such as immunization, anti-oxidation, anti-stress, and maintenance of intestinal function, are especially needed for piglets. Therefore, the ideal amino acid pattern of piglets is different from that of growing and finishing pigs. Actually, some amino acids are required to be different, such as glutamic acid, threonine, and histidine. These need to be further explored, and the application can be flexibly controlled by reference to the ideal protein model.

1.3 Mineral needs and vitamins need

Weaned piglets respond positively to the addition of salt, so NRC raises the need for sodium and chlorine in piglets. Potassium, sodium, and chlorine in the diet interact, and electrolyte balance should be considered, especially in suckling pig diets. Related research reports indicate that the appropriate electrolyte balance for piglets is 200-300 meq/kg.

Although the differences in copper, iron, zinc, and manganese requirements from different studies are large, the actual needs may be close. Analysis of possible causes:

1 different varieties, there will be slight differences;

2 The absorption and utilization of trace elements in animals are mutually influential, and the levels of other trace elements in the basic diet designed by different researchers are different, affecting the research results of the target elements;

In the 3 part of the study, the number of experimental animals was too small, and the demand for growth performance evaluation was inaccurate;

4 parts of the experimental design gradient is less, affecting the accuracy of the results;

5 Different environments, pigs have different stress conditions and may need to be slightly different. Trace elements not only affect the growth of piglets, but also involve safety and environmental issues. In particular, high-copper and high-zinc are commonly used in piglet feed, and the trace element content is generally higher than that of piglets. It is still important to further study the needs and proportions of piglets for copper, iron, zinc and manganese.

The role of high-dose copper and zinc in promoting piglets has been confirmed by a large number of studies, but the residues and pollution caused by high copper and high zinc should be paid attention to. A series of studies have shown that the use of organic chelates can reduce the amount of copper and zinc and achieve high-dose copper sulfate and zinc oxide. However, the actual production is not necessarily achieved, thus causing some contradictions between production costs and environmental pollution.

Over the years, foreign research has been carried out on the vitamin requirements of pigs. NRC's recommended amount of vitamins is based on the minimum requirement for no deficiency, and does not take into account the needs of rapid growth, weaning, immunization, stress, etc., which are critical for raising piglets. The results of relevant research in the past ten years show that:

(1) The recommended amount of NRC for fat-soluble vitamins can meet the normal growth of piglets, but to obtain optimal immune function and antioxidant capacity, it needs 2 to 5 times the NRC requirement.

(2) In order to meet the optimal growth requirements of piglets, it is necessary to double the amount of water-soluble vitamins recommended by NRC. In fact, the amount of vitamins added to most feeds in China is much higher than the NRC standard, so there are fewer problems in this regard.

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