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2 Steels such as carbon structural steels mainly guarantee mechanical properties, so their grades reflect their mechanical properties and are represented by Q+ numbers, where "Q" is the pinyin prefix of the yield point "Qu", and the number indicates the yield point value, for example. Q275 indicates that the yield point is 275 MPa. If the letters A, B, C, and D are added after the brand number, it means that the quality grade of the steel is different, and the quantity of s and P is successively reduced, and the quality of the steel is increased in turn. If the letter “F†is marked after the brand, it is boiling steel, “b†is semi-static steel, and “F,†or “b†is not killed. For example, Q235-A•F means that the yield point is 235 MPa. Grade A boiling steel, Q235-c is a grade c killed steel with a yield point of 235 MPa, carbon structural steel is generally not used for heat treatment, but is used directly in the supply state, usually Q195, Q215, Q235 steel carbon mass fraction Low, good welding performance, good plasticity, toughness, certain strength, often rolled into thin plates, steel bars, welded steel pipes, etc., used in bridges, construction and other structures and manufacturing ordinary rivets, screws, nuts and other parts.Q255 and Q275 steel carbon The mass fraction is slightly higher, the strength is higher, and the plasticity and toughness are better. It is possible to perform welding. Usually roll-formed steel, strip steel and steel plates are used as structural parts, and connecting rods, gears, couplings, pins and other parts for making simple machines
3 High-quality structural steel This type of steel must simultaneously ensure chemical composition and mechanical properties. Its grade is a two-digit scale representing the average carbon mass fraction in steel (wÑ Ã— 10000). For example, 45 steel means that the average carbon mass fraction in steel is 0.45%; 08 steel means that the average carbon mass fraction in steel is 0.08%, and high-quality carbon structural steel is mainly used for manufacturing machine parts. Heat treatment is generally required to improve the mechanical properties. According to the carbon mass fraction, there are different uses. 08, 08F, 10, 10F steel, high plasticity, toughness, excellent cold forming properties and welding performance, often cold rolled into thin sheets, used to make cold stamping parts on instrument housings, cars and tractors, such as car body, tractor Cabs, etc.; 15, 20, 25 steels are used to make carburized parts with smaller dimensions, lighter loads, surface wear resistance, and low core strength requirements, such as piston pins, model plates, etc.; 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 steel after heat treatment (quenching + high temperature tempering) has a good comprehensive mechanical properties, that has a higher strength and higher plasticity, toughness, used to make shaft parts, such as 40, 45 steel is commonly used in manufacturing Automobile, tractor crankshafts, connecting rods, general machine tool spindles, machine tool gears, and other shaft parts that are not stressed; 55, 60, 65 steel heat treatment (quenching + medium temperature tempering) has a high elastic limit and is often used to make Springs with small loads and small dimensions (less than 12 to 15 mm in cross section), such as pressure regulating and speed control springs, plunger springs, cold coil springs, etc.
4 Carbon Tool Steels Carbon tool steels are high carbon steels that do not contain alloying elements. The carbon content is in the range of 0.65% to 1.35%. The production cost is low, the source of raw materials is easy to obtain, and the cutting processability is good. Can get high hardness and high wear resistance, so it is widely used steel, used to create a variety of cutting tools, molds, measuring tools, but this kind of steel red hardness is poor, that is, when the working temperature is greater than 250 °C, the steel's Hardness and wear resistance will drop dramatically and lose their ability to work. In addition, carbon tool steel, if made into larger parts, is hard to harden, and is prone to deformation and cracks.
5 Free-cutting structural steels Free-cutting structural steels are made by adding some elements that make the steel brittle in the steel, so that the chips can be easily brittle and broken into pieces when the steel is cut, so as to improve the cutting speed and prolong the tool life. The element that makes the steel brittle is mainly sulfur, and elements such as lead, antimony, and bismuth are used in ordinary low-alloy free-cutting structural steels. The sulphur content ws of this steel is in the range of 0.08% to 0.30%, and the manganese content is wMn. Within the range of 0.60%-1.55%. Sulfur and manganese in steel are present in the form of manganese sulphide. Manganese sulphide is brittle and has lubricating properties, which makes the chip easily broken and helps improve the quality of the machined surface.
6 In addition to iron, carbon and a small amount of unavoidable silicon, manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur elements, the alloy steel also contains a certain amount of alloying elements. The alloying elements in the steel include silicon, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, and chromium. One or more of vanadium, titanium, niobium, boron, lead, rare earth, etc. These steels are called alloy steels. The alloy steel systems in various countries vary according to their respective resources, production, and conditions of use. In the development of nickel and chrome steel systems, China has found alloy steel systems based on silicon, manganese, vanadium, titanium, niobium, boron, and rare earths that account for about 10 percent of the total output of steel. The use of smelting in electric furnaces can be divided into 8 categories according to their uses: Alloy structural steel, spring steel, bearing steel, alloy tool steel, high-speed tool steel, stainless steel, heat-resistant steel, and electrical silicon steel
7 Ordinary low-alloy steel Ordinary low-alloy steel is a common alloy steel containing a small amount of alloy elements (in most cases, the total amount w does not exceed 3% in total). This kind of steel has high strength, good overall performance, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, low temperature resistance, good cutting performance, welding performance, etc., and it usually saves a large amount of rare alloy elements (such as nickel and chromium). Lt ordinary low-alloy steel can be used 1.2-1.3t carbon steel, its service life and use of far more than carbon steel. Ordinary low-alloy steel can be smelted in open hearth and converter by general smelting method, and the cost is similar to that of carbon steel.
8 Alloy Steel for Engineering Structures This refers to alloy steels used in engineering and building structures, including weldable high-strength alloy structural steels, alloy steel bars, alloy steels for railways, alloy steels for geological oil drilling, and alloy steels for pressure vessels. High manganese wear-resistant steel and so on. This kind of steel is used for engineering and building structural parts. In alloy steels, the total content of such steel alloys is low, but the production and use of the steel are relatively large.
9 Alloy steels for mechanical structures These steels are alloy steels that are suitable for the manufacture of machinery and mechanical parts. It is based on high-quality carbon steel, appropriate to add one or more alloying elements, used to improve the strength, toughness and hardenability of steel. This kind of steel is usually used after heat treatment (such as quenching and tempering, surface hardening). Mainly include two types of commonly used alloy structural steel and alloy spring steel, including quenched and tempered alloy steel, surface-hardened alloy steel (carburized steel, nitrided steel, surface high-frequency quenched steel, etc.), cold plastic forming Alloy steel (cold forging steel, cold extrusion steel, etc.). According to the basic composition of chemical composition, it can be divided into Mn steel, SiMn steel, Cr steel, CrM0 steel, CrNiM0 steel, Nj steel, B steel, etc.
10 Alloy structural steel The carbon content of the alloy structural steel, wc, is lower than that of the carbon structural steel, generally in the range of 0.15% to 0.50%. In addition to carbon, but also contains one or more alloying elements, such as silicon, manganese, vanadium, titanium, boron and nickel, chromium, molybdenum and other alloy steel easy to harden and hard to deform or crack, easy to heat treatment to improve the performance of steel Alloy structural steel is widely used in the manufacture of various transmission parts and fasteners for automobiles, tractors, ships, steam turbines, and heavy machine tools. Low-carbon alloy steel is generally carburized, and medium-carbon alloy steel is generally quenched and tempered.
11 Alloy Tool Steels Alloy tool steels are medium and high carbon steels that contain a variety of alloying elements such as silicon, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, and others. The alloy tool steel is easily hardened and hardly deformed and cracked. It is suitable for manufacturing cutting tools, dies and measuring tools with large sizes and complex shapes. The use of different alloy steels has different carbon contents. Most alloy tool steels have a carbon content wc of 0.5% to 1.5%. The steel used for hot deformation mold has low carbon content and wc is in the range of 0.3%～0.6%. The steel for cutting tool generally contains about wc1% of carbon; the steel for cold working mold has higher carbon content, such as the carbon content of graphite mold steel wc. Up to 1.5%, carbon content of high carbon high chromium type cold working mold steel up to 2%
12 High-speed tool steel High-speed tool steel is a high-carbon high-alloy tool steel. The carbon content in the steel is 0.7% to 1.4%. The steel contains alloy elements that can form high-hardness carbides, such as tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, and vanadium; High-speed tool steel with high red hardness, high-speed cutting conditions, the temperature up to 500-600 oc hardness does not decrease, thus ensuring good cutting performance
13 Spring Steel Springs are used under shock, vibration or long-term alternating stress, so spring steels are required to have high tensile strength, elastic limit, and high fatigue strength. In the process, the spring steel must have certain hardenability, it is not easy to decarburize, and the surface quality is good. The carbon spring steel is a high-quality carbon structural steel with a carbon content wc in the range of 0.6% to 0.9% (including normal and high Manganese content). The alloy spring steels are mainly silicon-manganese steels, and their carbon content is slightly lower, mainly by increasing the silicon content WSi (1.3% to 2.8%) to increase the performance; there are also alloy spring steels of chromium, tungsten, and vanadium. In recent years, combined with China's resources, and based on the requirements of new technologies for the design of automobiles and tractors, new steel grades have been developed that incorporate boron, niobium, molybdenum, and other elements on the basis of silicon-manganese steel, extending the service life of springs and improving the quality of springs.
14 Bearing steel Bearing steel is steel used to make balls, rollers and bearing rings. Bearings are subjected to extreme pressure and friction during operation, so bearing steels are required to have high and uniform hardness and wear resistance, as well as a high elastic limit. Uniformity of the chemical composition of the bearing steel, the content and distribution of non-metallic inclusions, the distribution of carbides and other requirements are very strict. Bearing steel, also known as high-carbon chromium steel, carbon carbon wc is about l%, chromium content wc is 0.5%-1.65%. Bearing steel is divided into high-carbon chromium bearing steel, chromium-free bearing steel, carburizing bearing steel, stainless bearing steel, medium and high temperature bearing steel and magnetic bearing steel six categories
15 Electrical silicon steel Silicon steel for the electrical industry is mainly used to make silicon steel sheets for the electrical industry. Silicon steel sheet is a large amount of steel used in the manufacture of electric motors and transformers. According to chemical composition, silicon steel can be divided into low silicon steel and high silicon steel. Silicon content of low silicon steel wsi1.0% ~ 2.5%, mainly used to manufacture motor; high silicon steel silicon content wsi3.0% ~ 4.5%, generally used to manufacture transformers. Their carbon content wc ≤ 0.06% ~ 0.08%
16 Rail Steel Steel rails are mainly subjected to the pressure and impact loads of rolling stock. Therefore, they are required to have sufficient strength, hardness, and certain toughness. The commonly used rail steels are carbon-killed steels smelted by open hearth furnaces and converters, and these steels contain carbon wc 0.6%. 0.8%, belong to medium carbon steel and high carbon steel, but the content of manganese in steel is higher in the range of 0.6% to 1.1%. In recent years, ordinary low alloy steel rails, such as high silicon rails and medium manganese, have been widely used. Rails, rails containing copper, rails containing titanium, etc. Ordinary low-alloy steel rails are more wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant than carbon steel rails and their service life is greatly improved
17 Shipbuilding Steel Shipbuilding steel refers to the steel used to make seagoing ships and large inland river hull structures. Since the hull structure is generally manufactured by welding, shipbuilding steels are required to have better welding performance. In addition, it also requires a certain strength, toughness and a certain degree of low temperature and corrosion resistance. In the past, low carbon steel was mainly used as shipbuilding steel. Recently, ordinary low-alloy steels have been widely used, and existing steels such as 12-manganese ships, 16-manganese ships, and 15 manganese vanadium ships have been used. These steels have comprehensive properties such as high strength, good toughness, easy processing and welding, and resistance to seawater corrosion. They can be successfully used to manufacture tons of ocean-going giant ships.
18 Bridge steel Railway or highway bridges are subjected to impact loads of vehicles. Bridge steels require certain strength, toughness and good fatigue resistance, and require high surface quality of steel. Bridge steel often uses alkaline open hearth killed steel, recently successfully used ordinary low alloy steels such as 16 manganese, 15 manganese vanadium nitrogen, etc.
19 Boiler steel Boiler steel is mainly used to make superheaters, main steam pipes and materials for heating surfaces of boiler fire rooms. The performance requirements for the boiler steel are mainly good welding performance, certain high temperature strength, alkali corrosion resistance, and oxidation resistance. The commonly used boiler steels are low carbon killed steel smelted by open hearth furnace or low carbon steel smelted by electric furnace. The carbon content wc is in the range of 0.16% to 0.26%. For the manufacture of high-pressure boilers, pearlitic heat-resistant steel or austenite heat-resistant steel is used. In recent years, ordinary low-alloy steels have also been used to construct boilers, such as 12-manganese, 15-manganese vanadium, 18-manganese-molybdenum cr
20 Welding rod steel This type of steel is specially used for making arc welding and gas welding electrode wire. The composition of steel varies with the material being welded. According to needs, roughly divided into three categories of carbon steel, alloy structural steel and stainless steel. The sulphur and phosphorus content of these steels, ws and wP, is not more than 0.03%, which is more strict than that of ordinary steels. These steels do not require mechanical properties and are only tested for chemical composition
21 Stainless steel Stainless steel is short for stainless steel. It consists of stainless steel and acid-resistant steel. In short, steels that resist atmospheric corrosion are called stainless steels, and steels that resist the corrosion of chemical media (such as acids) are called acid-resistant steels. Generally speaking, the steel with chromium content wcr greater than 12% has the characteristics of stainless steel, and the microstructure of stainless steel after heat treatment can be further divided into five categories: ie ferritic stainless steel, martensitic stainless steel, austenitic stainless steel , austenite-ferritic stainless steel and precipitation hardening stainless steel
22 Heat-resistant steels Steels with high oxidation resistance and sufficient high-temperature strength and good heat resistance at high temperatures are called heat-resistant steels. Heat-resistant steel includes two types of oxidation-resistant steel and heat-strength steel. Antioxidant steel is also called leather steel. Hot-strength steels are steels that have good oxidation resistance at high temperatures and have high high-temperature strength. Heat-resistant steel is mainly used for long-term use of parts at high temperatures
23 Superalloy Superalloy is a kind of heat-strength material that has enough permanent strength, creep strength, thermal fatigue strength, high temperature toughness, and sufficient chemical stability at high temperature. It is used for thermal power working at high temperatures around 1000oC. Parts can be divided into nickel-based superalloys, iron-nickel-based superalloys, and cobalt-based superalloys, depending on their basic chemical composition.
24 Precision Alloys Precision alloys are alloys with special physical properties. It is an indispensable material in the electrical industry, electronics industry, precision instrumentation industry and automatic control systems. The precision alloys are divided into seven categories according to their different physical properties, namely: soft magnetic alloys, deformed permanent magnetic alloys, elastic alloys, and expanded alloys. , hot bimetals, resistance alloys, thermocouple alloys. The vast majority of precision alloys are based on ferrous metals, and only a few are based on non-ferrous metals. Note: D, "M, P respectively represent the mass fraction of C, S, Mn, and P.
1 Carbon steel Carbon steel is also called carbon steel and is an iron-carbon alloy with a carbon content wc of less than 2%. Carbon steel generally contains a small amount of silicon, manganese, sulfur, and phosphorus in addition to carbon. Carbon steel can be classified into three categories according to its purpose: carbon structural steel, carbon tool steel, and free-cutting structural steel. Carbon structural steel can be divided into two types: building structural steel and machine-made structural steel; carbon steel can be divided into low carbon steel (wc≤0.25%) and medium carbon steel (wc 0.25%-0.6%) according to carbon content. And high-carbon steel (wc > 0.6%) can be divided into ordinary carbon steel (higher phosphorus, sulfur), high-quality carbon steel (lower phosphorus, sulfur) and high-quality Steel (with lower phosphorus and sulfur content), the higher the carbon content in carbon steel, the higher the hardness and the higher the strength, but the lower the plasticity