A comprehensive introduction to glyphosate

Glyphosate has been sold in China in recent years. It has become the most widely used and most productive pesticide in the world, and its annual sales have always ranked first in pesticides. China is the largest country in glyphosate production, with more than 50 manufacturing companies in 2010. At present, the domestic enterprises with large glyphosate production include Zhejiang Xinan Chemical Group, Zhenjiang Jiangnan Pesticide Factory, Hubei Sanonda and Jiangsu Red Sun Company. The rapid development of genetically modified crops in the world, the promotion of genetically modified crops, and the excellent functions of glyphosate complement each other. Although China has not yet promoted glyphosate-tolerant soybeans, corn and other crops, this article aims to let readers understand the current application and residue limits of glyphosate at home and abroad.
In 1971, Monsanto Company of the United States developed the era-wide broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate. In the mid-to-late 70s, glyphosate isopropylamine salt, amine salt and sodium salt were introduced. British Ibene Chemical (ICI) Company in 1989 The introduction of trimethyl sulfonium salt in the year. Glyphosate currently has more than 50 registered crops and is used throughout the world. Glyphosate-tolerant soybeans have been grown in many countries, especially in the United States, Brazil, and Argentina. The planting area has reached more than 80% of the country's soybean acreage. Glyphosate-tolerant corn, canola and cotton crops are in the United States, Argentina, and Canada. All countries are developing rapidly.
Glyphosate is very low in toxicity As a herbicide widely used worldwide, glyphosate is very low in toxicity and is lower than the salt in terms of oral toxicity of rats. Related studies have shown that glyphosate does not accumulate in animals. No teratogenic, mutagenic or carcinogenic effects were observed in the animals under the test conditions. It is less toxic to fish and aquatic organisms, non-toxic to bees and birds, and safe to natural enemies and beneficial organisms. According to the toxicity classification of pesticides in China, the original drug of glyphosate is low in toxicity.
According to the test, the maximum maximum no-effect dose is 100 mg per kilogram of body weight (two-year chronic feeding test in rats), divided by a safety factor of 100, and the daily allowable intake of human is 1 mg per kilogram of body weight.
In plants, glyphosate is slowly metabolized and the main metabolite is aminomethyl phosphate (AMPA). The Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) is an intergovernmental organization that develops international food standards. In 2005, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization experts conducted the most recent glyphosate residue limit assessment. After review by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, the residue limit for glyphosate in dried soybean seeds was 20 mg (residue limit units: per The kilogram weight glyphosate dose, the same below), the global dietary assessment results, this limit will not cause harm to public health. The major agricultural trade countries and regions such as the United States, the European Union, and Japan have set the glyphosate limit standard to 20 mg.
Different countries (regions) and related institutions have different standards for glyphosate in plants (food):
The Codex Alimentarius Commission has established 28 residue limits for glyphosate, 20 mg for soybeans (dry), 2 mg for beans (dry), 200 mg for bean feed, 2 mg for sugar cane, 30 mg for cereals, and mammalian meat ( Excluding marine mammal meat) 0.05 mg, egg 0.05 mg, hay or hay feed 500 mg, dry barley straw 400 mg, dry sorghum stalk and feed 50 mg, dry oatmeal straw and forage 100 mg, sugar cane sugar 10 mg, poultry meat 0.05 mg, edible poultry visceral 0.5 mg, edible viscera (mammal) 5 mg, edible pig viscera 0.5 mg, cottonseed 40 mg, alfalfa feed 500 mg, milk 0.05 mg, pea (dry) 5 mg, pea hay or Dried peas 500 mg, unprocessed wheat glutinous rice 20 mg, banana 0.05 mg, sunflower seeds 7 mg, wheat stalks and feed (dry) 300 mg, rapeseed 20 mg, corn 5 mg, corn feed (dry) 150 mg.
There are a total of 172 residue limits for glyphosate in the United States, soy (dry) 20 mg, soybean forage 100 mg, soy licorice 200 mg, soy hull 100 mg, etc.
There are a total of 340 residue limits for glyphosate in the EU, 20 mg for soybeans (dry) and 0.1 mg for legumes.
Japan has a total of 205 residue limits for glyphosate, soybean (dry) 20 mg, broad bean 2 mg, beans (dry) 2 mg, and other beans (pea pods) 2 mg.
China has established 11 residue limits for glyphosate, which are 0.1 mg of rice, 6 mg of wheat, 0.5 mg of wheat flour, 5 mg of whole wheat flour, 1 mg of corn, 0.1 mg of fruit, 2 mg of sugar cane, 0.05 mg of cottonseed oil, and tea. 1 mg, citrus 0.5 mg, apple 0.5 mg. Since glyphosate is not promoted in soybean fields in China, glyphosate cannot be used in soybean fields. Therefore, the limit of glyphosate in soybeans has not been established.
Extensive use of glyphosate As early as the early 1980s, Monsanto began researching glyphosate resistant crops. Since the successful acquisition of glyphosate-tolerant tobacco, the creation of glyphosate-resistant crops has been the focus of agricultural biotechnology research. So far, a series of glyphosate-tolerant crops have been obtained: soybeans, cotton, corn, rapeseed, Beets, tobacco, peanuts, wheat, sunflower, potato, rice, tomato, alfalfa, vine root, ryegrass, poplar, etc., among which soybean, corn, cotton and rapeseed are the fastest growing.
Glyphosate is a systemic, conductive, and herbicide herbicide. Because it is not selective, it is widely used in non-farm, orchard, roads, forestry, etc. In recent years, its application range has gradually increased.
Spraying before and after seeding of less tillage and no-tillage crops to prevent emergence of weeds, the dosage is 0.20~2.24 kg per hectare.
Ornamental plants, woody plants and vineyard weeds are sprayed after emergence, and control annual and perennial weeds. It is an important herbicide for rubber gardens and orchards. The dosage is 0.85~4.2 kg per hectare.
When the height of corn, sorghum, soybean, etc. is 25~30 cm, a protective cover is attached to the sprayer to spray, so that the liquid droplets do not contact the crop and are sprayed on the weed plants. In addition, this spray method can also be used to control weeds in rice fields; 10 to 15 days before sugar cane harvesting, low-dose glyphosate can be used to increase sugar.
Dry and ripened crops, mainly used in crops such as wheat, corn, soybeans and cotton, usually sprayed around 10 to 15 days before the harvest. The amount of wheat and corn is 0.25~0.85 kg per hectare, and the amount of cotton is 0.85~4.0 kg per hectare. In the northeastern region, due to the short growth period and high water content during harvest, the spraying of glyphosate will help solve this problem.
Application of glyphosate can inhibit the heading and lowering dormancy of grass cuttings, improve the edible and dry matter and protein content, and inhibit the growth of bluegrass, gar, fescue and Bermudagrass. Improve feed quality, usually 0.15~0.20 kg per hectare.
China's detection of imported soybeans The United States (the main source of imported soybeans) soybeans glyphosate residue limit of 20 mg.
China has not yet established a residue limit for this herbicide in soybeans. In order to prevent the possible risks of glyphosate residues, AQSIQ and entry-exit inspection and quarantine agencies listed soybean glyphosate residues as safety and health monitoring projects. From the sampling test monitoring data analysis, most of the imported soybeans did not detect glyphosate, although a small number were detected, but they were lower than the Chinese wheat glyphosate limit standard, which is 6 mg.