Achievements and Prospects of Energy Green and Low Carbon Development in China

Resources, energy, environment and climate change are major challenges that all countries in the world are facing. In recent years, with the frequent occurrence of extreme climate events such as hot summers, droughts and floods around the world, the impact of climate change has become increasingly apparent. Promoting green and low-carbon development, energy saving and emission reduction, and actively responding to climate change are not only the common mission of all mankind, but also an urgent task for the sustainable development of energy in all countries of the world.

China's energy green and low-carbon development The concept, strategy and policy of China's energy development. China is now at an important stage of industrialization, urbanization and modernization. China must take scientific development as the main line, accelerate the transformation of economic development as the theme, maintain long-term stable and rapid development of the economy and social harmony and stability, and realize the building of a well-off society in an all-round way. Overall objective. Adhere to the construction of a resource-saving, environment-friendly society as an important focal point for accelerating the transformation of economic development. Deeply implement the basic national policy of resource conservation and environmental protection, save energy, reduce the intensity of greenhouse gas emissions, develop a recycling economy, promote low-carbon technologies, actively respond to global climate change, and promote economic and social coordination with population, resources, and environment to achieve sustainable development. road.

In the face of increasingly strengthened resource and environmental constraints, it is necessary to strengthen crisis awareness, establish a green and low-carbon development concept, focus on energy conservation and emission reduction, improve the incentive and restraint mechanisms, enhance sustainable development capabilities, and improve the level of ecological civilization.

In terms of energy development, we must promote the transformation of energy production and utilization methods, adhere to conservation priorities, base on domestic development, diversify development, protect the environment, strengthen international cooperation, adjust and optimize the energy structure, and build a safe, stable, economic, and clean modern energy industry system.

In terms of energy policy, the Chinese government stipulates that all newly-built coal-fired units should be installed with de-NOx facilities. Existing coal-fired units must be equipped with off-site facilities, and those that are not stable can be upgraded and upgraded. All coal-fired generating units with an installed capacity of 300,000 kilowatts or more Installation of denitrification facilities. We must deepen the reform of energy prices and improve the energy pricing mechanism in accordance with the relationship between market supply and demand, the scarcity of resources, and the cost of environmental damage. Improve the peak-to-peak electricity price of electricity, rationalize the relationship between coal and electricity, oil and gas prices, implement ladder electricity prices for household electricity use, and implement differential electricity prices for high energy-consuming industries. Strict implementation of off-price electricity, research and development of coal-fired power plant flue gas denitrification price policy. Measures for calculating the taxation of crude oil, natural gas and coal resources have been changed from specific collections to ad valorem prices and to raise taxation levels appropriately.

In terms of power grid operation management, power generation dispatching methods must be reformed. Power grid companies must prioritize and dispatch hydropower, wind power, solar power, nuclear power, residual heat and residual pressure, coalbed methane, landfill gas, and coal gangue in accordance with the principle of energy conservation and emission reduction and economic efficiency. Waste and energy-saving, environmental protection, and high-efficiency thermal power generating units are used to generate electricity.

China's total energy production and composition. In the 32 years of reform and opening up, China’s annual energy consumption growth of 5.6% supported the development of the national economy with an average annual rate of 9.9%. The self-sufficiency rate of energy remains above 90%. China relies mainly on its own strength to protect the energy needs of 1.3 billion people. In 2010, the total primary energy production in China reached 2.99 billion tons of standard coal, which accounted for 17.3% of the world's total energy production. Among them, raw coal accounted for 76.8%, crude oil accounted for 9.6%, natural gas accounted for 4.3%, and hydropower, nuclear power and wind power accounted for 9.3%. The proportion of non-fossil energy production increased by 2.4 percentage points over 2000.

China's total energy consumption and composition. In 2010, China’s total primary energy consumption was 3.25 billion tons of standard coal. Among them, raw coal accounted for 70.9%, crude oil accounted for 16.5%, natural gas accounted for 4.3%, and hydropower, nuclear power and wind power accounted for 8.3%. The proportion of non-fossil energy consumption increased by 1.9 percentage points over 2000, and the foreign dependence on oil reached 54.8%.

China's clean energy consumption has grown rapidly. In 2010, natural gas consumption was 108.1 billion cubic meters, accounting for 4.3% of primary energy consumption. The rapid development of renewable energy and new energy resources, hydropower installed capacity reached 225 million kilowatts, ranking first in the world; build 108,100 kilowatts of nuclear power units, construction scale reached 3097 million kilowatts, ranking first in the world; wind power installed capacity doubled year after year, The grid-connected installed capacity reached 31 million kilowatts, second only to the United States and ranked second in the world; solar photovoltaic power generation capacity reached 600,000 kilowatts. Solar water heater collector area of ​​about 168 million square meters, ranking first in the world; biomass power generation and waste power generation capacity of about 5.5 million kilowatts, biogas annual utilization of 14 billion cubic meters. With the rapid development of clean energy, renewable energy, and new energy, China's energy structure is more diverse, cleaner, and energy supplies are more efficient and safer.

China has achieved remarkable results in energy conservation and energy efficiency improvement. China's energy industry is active and effective in energy conservation, emission reduction, and energy efficiency improvement. During the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan” period, China optimized and reorganized the coal industry, cumulatively closing more than 9,500 small coal mines, eliminating lagging production capacity by 530 million tons; implementing the “high pressure on small” policy for the power industry, shutting down small thermal power units 7600 Multi-million kilowatts, thermal power generation standard coal consumption for 2010 was 333 g/kWh, a drop of 37 g/kWh from 2005. The flue gas degassing units accounted for 86% of the total installed capacity of coal-fired thermal power generation, and the amount of CO2 emissions per unit of electricity decreased by 50% compared with 2005. During the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan” period, China’s energy consumption per unit of GDP decreased by 19.1%, and it consumed 630 million tons of standard coal in the next five years.

China's energy technology and equipment have improved significantly. The Chinese energy industry actively promotes technological progress and innovation in the energy industry in accordance with the requirements of establishing an innovative country. The degree of mechanization of coal mining in the country has reached more than 60%; clean and efficient coal-fired power generation technology has been widely used. The technological advancement in clean coal conversion and utilization has been accelerated. A number of demonstration projects for coal-to-fuel, coal-to-olefins, etc. were completed and put into operation. The one-million-ton coal-to-oil project is operating normally and stable, and the coal-to-gas natural gas demonstration project is being accelerated. The exploration and development technologies of complex oil and gas blocks have reached the world's advanced level, and long-distance natural gas pipeline technology has become increasingly sophisticated. It has the capability of independent design, manufacture, construction and operation of millions of kilowatts of pressurized water reactor nuclear power plants. The Three Gorges Hydropower Station achieved a safe operation with a high water level of 175 meters. The manufacturing technology level of 1.5 megawatt and above wind turbines has been greatly improved, and solar cell output accounts for 50% of the world's total. UHV and other advanced transmission technology R&D and application rank the world's leading level. The smart grid pilot demonstration work was actively carried out.

The International Comparison of Per Capita Energy Consumption Level in China. In 2010, China's per capita energy consumption was only 2.43 tons of standard coal, which was lower than the world average, only 23.6% in the United States and 38.7% in OECD countries. The per capita electricity consumption is 3,200 kilowatt-hours, and the per capita fuel consumption is only 0.29 tons, which is 1/4 and 1/10 of the United States respectively. The per capita energy use is still at a relatively low level. In the coming period, improving people’s energy use conditions and raising the level of universal energy services will remain an important task for China’s energy development.

The main pressures and challenges faced by China's energy green and low-carbon development First, green and low-carbon development has become a new development concept and growth model in the world. It must take the initiative to adapt and actively respond to it.

The second is to change the way of energy development, and it is very important to adjust the energy structure. China's energy is dominated by coal, and the constraints on resources and environment for energy development have been strengthened, and the pressure for energy conservation and emission reduction has increased. Energy diversification, cleanliness, and efficiency are facing many new problems.

The third is to face many new problems in advancing energy technology progress and innovation. There are many uncertainties in the changes in oil and natural gas prices, the development of carbon capture and storage technologies, the development of carbon trading markets, and the policy direction. Problems relating to grid-connected technologies encountered in the development of renewable energy scale, immigration and environmental protection issues caused by hydropower development, and environmental safety issues faced by deep-seated oil and gas development. Nuclear power development after the Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan raised new challenges for the safety and reliability of nuclear power Higher requirements, etc., must be solved through technical progress and innovation.

Fourth, there is still a big gap between energy efficiency and the international advanced level. At present, China's GDP is less than 10% of the world's total, and energy consumption accounts for about 19% of the world's total. However, GDP is only 37% of that of the United States. Energy consumption is basically the same as that of the United States; GDP is comparable to Japan, but energy consumption. The quantity is 4.7 times that of Japan. The task of increasing energy efficiency is heavy and pressure is high.

Fifth, China's rural energy supply needs to be improved. Rural areas are the regions with the weakest economic and social development in China. The infrastructure in most rural areas is backward. At present, there are about 5 million people in the country that do not have electricity supply. Many rural areas still rely mainly on traditional inefficient biomass energy such as straw and firewood. There is still a gap in the level of universal energy services for rural energy compared with cities.

China's “Twelfth Five-Year Plan” Direction and Key Areas for Green, Low-Carbon Energy Development At the beginning of this year, China formulated the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and identified China's future development blueprint. In terms of energy, there are five directions for the direction and key areas of low-carbon green development in the next five years:

The first is to change the mode of energy development and adjust the energy structure. We will achieve the target of 11.4% of non-fossil energy in primary energy consumption. The installed capacity of hydropower increased by 20%, the scale of grid-connected wind power increased by 2 times, the installed capacity of solar power generation tripled, and the installed capacity of biomass power generation doubled. Biogas utilization, solar thermal utilization, and biofuels all had significant development. Promote the rapid development and distributed use of natural gas, adapt to the changing trend of the global energy industry, and vigorously promote the clean and efficient conversion and utilization of coal.

The second is to reasonably control total energy consumption and ensure energy supply and safety. Speed ​​up the construction of resource-saving, environment-friendly energy production methods and consumption patterns. The establishment of a total energy consumption control target decomposition and implementation mechanism, the development of implementation plans, the implementation of the total control goals into the local government, the implementation of the target responsibility management, and increase the assessment and supervision. Establish an early warning and forecasting mechanism for total energy consumption, and provide early warning and control to the areas where total energy consumption has grown too fast. Effectively change the open mouth supply of energy and unrestrained use of energy. Through these measures and requirements, the total primary energy consumption and the average annual growth rate will be controlled at a reasonably low level, and the national economy will continue to maintain a coordinated and stable development with low energy consumption and growth.

The third is to build a modern energy industry system and promote energy science and technology innovation. Transform and upgrade the traditional energy industry and improve the competitiveness of the energy industry. Rely on the unlimited potential of technological innovation and resolve limited energy resource constraints. Focus on cultivating strategic emerging industries such as renewable energy, new energy, energy conservation and environmental protection, and energy high-end equipment manufacturing, orderly develop coal-based natural gas, coal-based liquid fuels, coal-based polygeneration technologies, and increase the development and utilization of unconventional oil and gas resources. The pace of pilot demonstration projects, vigorously develop clean, efficient large-capacity coal-fired units, the development of cogeneration, the implementation of coal-fired power plant de-NOx project, the development of smart grid and UHV transmission technology, and actively promote wind power, solar energy, biomass energy, Geothermal energy technology advances, effectively develops nuclear power on the basis of ensuring safety, effectively promotes the development of distributed energy systems, and realizes the transition from a large energy country to an energy-rich country.

The fourth is to accelerate rural energy development and raise the level of universal energy services in rural areas. Promote the sustainable development and utilization of new rural energy resources. By 2015, 200 green energy demonstration counties and 10,000 new energy demonstration villages will be completed. The transformation and improvement of rural power grids will continue, and rural electrification levels will be raised in an all-round way to basically solve the problem of power consumption for people without electricity. Promote the integration of energy in urban and rural areas, improve the level of universal service, and meet the increasing energy needs of rural production and living.

The fifth is to strengthen international energy cooperation and use domestic and international resources. Adhere to the concept of new energy security featuring mutual benefit, win-win progress, diversified development, and coordinated protection, actively carry out international energy cooperation, adhere to the “go global” strategy, and use both domestic and foreign energy resources to learn from the concept of energy green and low-carbon development in countries around the world. , experience and methods, technologies and management, policies and regulations, services and innovations, etc., to improve our ability to jointly tackle global challenges such as resource constraints and climate change, and strive to ensure energy security and promote sustainable development of the world's energy.