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The characteristics of the vehicle suspension spring are that, in addition to sufficient fatigue life, the permanent deformation is small, that is, the anti-relaxation performance should be within the specified range, otherwise the center of gravity shift will occur due to different deformation of the spring. At the same time, the impact of environmental corrosion on its fatigue life should be considered. As the vehicle maintenance period increases, more stringent requirements are imposed on permanent deformation and fatigue life, and a high-precision design method must be adopted for this purpose. The finite element method can predict the effects of spring stress fatigue life and permanent deformation in detail, and can accurately reflect the relationship between material fatigue life and permanent deformation.
In recent years, the finite element design method of spring has entered the practical stage, and there have been many reports of practical value, such as the influence of the helix angle on the spring stress; the relationship between the stress calculated by the finite element method and the fatigue life.
Figure 1-8 shows a comparison of the analytical stresses calculated using the current design method and the finite element method. For the spring of the same structure, under the same load, it can be seen from the figure that the stress of the high stress spring with less effective or large helix angle is more different between the two methods. This is because as the helix angle increases, the load is eccentric, and the outer diameter or lateral deformation of the spring is large, so the stress is relatively large. The current design calculation method cannot be accurately reflected, and the finite element method can be more accurately reflected.
The spring finite element analysis method has been put into practical use in countries with high spring technology level. Although there are technical developments in this area in China, no practical model has yet been formed.
In addition, an optimized design was introduced during the design of the spring. The structure of the spring is relatively simple, the function is simple, and the parameters affecting the structure and performance are few. Therefore, the designer has long used the analytical method, the graphic method or the graphic analysis method to seek the optimal design scheme, and achieved certain results. With the development of computing technology, the optimization design of nonlinear programming using computers has achieved results (see Chapter 10, Section 11).
Reliability design is a series of analysis and design techniques used to ensure the reliability of the designed product. Its function is to predict and prevent the product from failing, so that the designed product can achieve the specified reliability target. Value is a complement and improvement of traditional design methods. Spring design has made some progress in the use of reliability technology (see Chapter 10, Section 12), but further development requires data development and accumulation.
With the development of computer technology, various versions of spring design programs have been developed at home and abroad, providing spring technicians with convenient conditions for development and innovation. The application design program completed the development of the arc clutch spring and the drum suspension spring, which are difficult to design.
With the development of spring application technology, many new problems that need attention and solution are also presented to designers. For example, the influence of materials, strong pressure and shot peening on fatigue performance and relaxation performance is difficult to calculate accurately when designing, and it depends on experimental data. Another example is the number of turns obtained according to the current design formula. The spring stiffness is smaller than the design stiffness value, and the number of effective turns needs to be reduced to meet the design requirements. The current design trends for mass-produced products, taking the maximum working shear stress and fatigue life requirements as examples, are listed in Table 1-5. Http://
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